Today I thought
I’d try something different and see if goes over well. In the past several
months, I’ve come into possession of a number of legal documents from various
video game lawsuits of the 1970s. I thought I’d post some of the info to see if
there’s any interest. These documents came from two primary sources:
1)
Some
were sent to me by William Ford, who obtained them from NARA. (I think I mentioned
it earlier, but Ford is the author of the excellent article on the Allied
Leisure v Midway lawsuit found
here
2)
Ralph
Baer. Baer had a huge amount of materials from the Magnavox lawsuits. Some of
it (from the 1985 Activision suit) has already been posted online. Other
material, he sent to Marty Goldberg and Curt Vendel for archiving. Marty was
kind enough to share some with me.
Speaking of the
Ralph Baer materials, Marty and Curt are currently working on scanning the
material they have and putting in a Ralph Baer repository, which I think will
be made available online. This is awesome news and a great way to honor Ralph’s
memory. (he wanted his materials to be made available to researchers) In case
you didn’t know, Ralph was an absolute packrat. He kept everything. And from
what I’ve seen, there’s all kinds of stuff in here. Depositions from Willy
Higinbothom, Bill Nutting, Alan Kotok, Steve Russell, Nolan Bushnell. Internal
company documents (including documentation on unreleased games, contracts,
financial statements. Old magazine articles. References to little known corners
of video game history. This stuff promises to be a treasure trove for video
game historians or just plain video game history fans.
The stuff I have is
voluminous, however, running to over a thousand pages. I, of course, have read it
all. So I thought I’d save people the trouble of doing likewise and post some
of the stuff I found most interesting (though I only have a tiny percentage of the
total).
I’d thought I’d
start with transcripts of some of Nolan Bushnell’ depositions in the Magnavox
trials.
First, however,
here are a couple of documents you might find interesting.
First up is the 1972 Royalty Agreement between Nolan Bushnell and Bally.
This is the contract Syzygy had with Bally when they incorporated as Atari.
Note that this is actually between Nolan and Bally, not Syzygy and Bally.
Note also that it is only for two games (not three as some have reported). The pinball game was a three-level game with the levels based on heaven, earth, and hell (at least according to Nolan, who said it was called Transition - though another document refers to it as Fireball. This was the same as Bally's popular Fireball pin, which came out earlier).
Contrary to popular belief, after Bally turned down Pong, it did not cancel the contract. Nor did Bally license Pong to them in fulfillment of the contract (they did license Pong, but not to fulfill the contract).
The contract was actually fulfilled by Space Race, which Midway released as Asteroid. They also claimed that Atari was in breach of contract for having released Space Race on its own. IIRC the solution was that Atari agreed to forego the 3% royalty on Asteroid to make up for it.
Next time, I'll post the Pong licensing agreement, but for now, I thought I'd start posting some of the depositions I mentioned.
The first is from January 13 and 14, 1976. This is only about an eighth of it. If I decide to continue, it will take me a while to get through it. And if my OCR doesn't get a good portion of the text, I may end up dropping the whole thing (unless I get a lot of positive feedback).
I will add some notes at various points (marked "[NOTE - blah blah blah]").
For those who don't know, in April of 1974, Magnavox (manufacturer of the Odyssey) filed the first of its many lawsuits to protect the Sanders Associates/Ralph Baer patents on the Brown Box/Odyssey.
They started by bringing suit against Seeburg and Chicago coin, but eventually extended the suit to include Atari, Sears, Bally, and many more companies.
On to the deposition:
This part concerns Nolan's work history in college. Some will probably find it boring, but I found it kind of interesting. Part two will probably be of more interest.
Deposition of Nolan K. Bushnell
Tuesday, January 13, 1976
Wednesday, January 14, 1976
Be it remembered that pursuant to notice of taking…..yadda yadda
yadda…at the hour of 10:20 AM….personally appeared Nolan K. Bushnell, called as
a witness, who….
Mr. Williams: This is the deposition
of Nolan K. Bushnell and Atari, Inc., and is being taken pursuant to Notice in
three civil actions all pending in the Northern District of Illinois.
The first action is…
A. Nolan K. Bushnell.
Q. Are you the same Nolan K.
Bushnell whose deposition has previously been taken in the civil actions just referred
to, Magnavox versus Bally?
A. Those two, yes.
Q. What is your present residence?
A. 15289 Top of the Hill Road, Los
Gatos, California, 95030.
[NOTE - not sure if this was in the ritzy section of town or not, but I think this is what the place looks like today:
Q. Are you presently employed?
A. Yes, I am.
Q. By whom are you presently
employed?
A. Atari, Incorporated in Los
Gatos.
Q. What is your position with
Atari, Inc.?
A. Chairman of the board.
Q. Did you hold any other positions
with Atari incorporated?
Q. Do you hold any other positions
with Atari, Inc?
A. No, I do not.Q. What are your present duties as chairman of the board?
A. Primary direction of the company,
strategies, plans, future developments.
Q. How long have you had these
duties with Atari?
A. Approximately 2 1/2 years.
Q. What were your duties with Atari
prior to that time?
A. I was president of Atari.
Q. How did your duties when you were
president differ from your present duties?
A. I was more involved in day-to-day
operations.
Q. How long were you the president
of Atari?
A. Since its founding in February or
March 1972.
Q. And you were president from that
time until you became chairman of the board?
A. That's correct.
Q. Have you held any positions with
Atari other than president or chairman of the board?
A. No.
Q. Would you briefly outline your
education for us since high school? I
gather you graduated high school?
A. Yes.
Q. What has been your education
since that time?
A. I went to Utah State University
in engineering, later in business. I
transferred to the University of Utah at which I pursued a degree in economics
and later graduated in engineering.
Bachelor of Science degree in Engineering.
Q. For how many years were you at
Utah State University?
A. Approximately three.
Q. Three calendar years or three
academic years?
A. Three academic years.
Q. When did you commence your
studies at Utah State University?
A. If had to be 1961.
Q. So you were there from 1961 through
1964?
A. I believe that's true.
Q. When did you begin your studies
at the University of Utah?
A. I actually started, I took a
summer class at the University of Utah in 62 or 63, but then I later lived
closer to the university than I did to Utah State and then I transferred full
time to--
Q. What that in September of 1964?
A. No. I believe I transferred mid-year. I believe I transferred the winter quarter.
Q. Of what year?
A. I don't remember.
Q. Do you think it was approximately
1964 or 1965?
A. I think that's close enough.
Mr. Herbert: I might say that among the things that you have requested we
are proposing to obtain some materials which would more exactly set the dates
that Mr. Bushnell was at Utah State and the University of Utah and we do not
have those items but we will be getting them.
Mr. Williams: is that primarily in transcript you were referring to?
Mr. Herbert: the transcript.
Mr. Williams: Q. When did you graduate to the University of Utah? When did you get your degree?
A. I graduated in the class of ‘69,
but I graduated mid-year and it was December of ‘68, I believe.
Q. While you were in college were
you a fulltime student, or were you employed part time.
A. I was employed all the time.
Q. Can you give us an outline of the
jobs you held while you were in college?
A. Sure. I went to work for Litton Guidance
Systems. I worked during school year for
Hadley, limited which is a clothing store.
I worked for one of the industrial engineering departments for a
while. I don't remember exactly who the
professor was. Then I worked for my own
company which was an advertising company for several summers, and I worked for
Lagoon Corporation as manager of the games department. Initially I started working at Lagoon as just
someone--you know, as one of the employees and was made manager three seasons
later or two seasons later.
Q. Did you hold any other jobs while you were in college?
A. Oh, I sold Encyclopedia Americana
for a while. I operated some coin
machines at Lagoon in Salt Lake City.
That's about it of any substance.
Q. Do you recall the approximate
period of time which you worked for Litton Guidance Systems?
On a side note, the military actually had a strong presence in the area of Clearfield, Utah (Nolan’s hometown) at the time Nolan was born. Hill Air Field (later Hill Air Force Base) opened in 1940 and became an important supply depot during World War II. As did the Clearfield Naval Supply Depot, which opened in 1943. It might seem odd to have a military supply depot in the middle of Utah but they picked it for its dry climate, large local population, and security from enemy attack.]
 |
The Clearfield business district in 1941 (Two years before Nolan's birth |
A. I think it was ‘61 or--I think it was the summer of ‘62.
Q. Just during the summer of ‘62?
A. Yes.
Q. And you said you worked for one
of the industrial engineering departments?
Do you recall what period that was?
A. I think it was the fall quarter
of ‘62 or ‘63. It was for one of the
professors.
Q. What were your duties in this
job?
A. Draftsman. Some design.
Q. Design of what?
A. Irrigation systems.
Q. Agricultural irrigation systems?
A. Yes.
Q. When did you commence your
employment with Lagoon Corporation?[NOTE - Lagoon Amusement Park is located in Farmington and looks like it was a pretty cool place. It as built by future Utah governor Simon Bamberger in 1886 to draw customers to a railroad he was building between Salt Lake City and Ogden. It's still in existence. They almost tore it down after World War II, but didn't (if they had, video game history might be different). The Beach Boys even mentioned in in their song Salt Lake City.
One might wonder why the Beach Boys would mention a local amusement park in a song but I think a better question is why anyone is there a song about Salt Lake City.
Note too that there is no mention of Nolan's going to work for Lagoon because he lost his tuition money in a poker game. He's told that story on more than one occasion. In other accounts, however, he claims that he went to work there because he had his day job selling calendars and thought that the easiest way to keep from spending money was to get a night job. 
 |
| Yes, that's Janis Joplin riding the Flying Jets at Lagoon Amusement Park. You think maybe Nolan...Nah! |
 |
| Holey Moley, that's Jimi Hendrix playing Lagoon Amusement Park in 1969. Maybe I should take back my earlier comment. Photos from http://brianrecord.com/2.html |
A. I started in the summer of ‘63.
Q. How long were you with Lagoon?
A. I was with Lagoon for five years.
Q. What your employment with Lagoon
continuous over that five-year period or were there breaks in it?
A. It was hot and heavy, of course,
during the summer months. It fit very
well with an academic career because there were always plans that were made and
things that were being done all year long and it was a situation where we could
put in as many hours as we wanted a two as long as it was job-related--you
know, that there was work to do and generally it was pretty much part-time work
during the winter months.
Q. But there was not a period during that five-year when you weren't employed by Lagoon either on a fulltime or a part-time basis?
A. It was kind of a thing where I always knew the people and any time I wanted to work I could. It was hard to say, you know, when I was not employed and when I was with the relationship we had.
Q. Where you paid on an hourly basis or a salary basis?
A.
Hourly. After I was manager it
was essentially a salary because it was fixed, you know, a fixed amount and you
made the big thing on the profit-sharing basis.
We had Christmas bonuses that generally would finance the fall and
winter quarter.
Q. You initially when you were with
lagoon that you were initially just an employee. What were your first duties when you first
went to work for lagoon?
A. My first duties were I was the
Spill-the-Milk operator. That's a game
in which a patron comes to knock over milk bottles with baseballs. You stand out and say, "Step right up
and come and play the game and win a stuffed animal."
Q. And this was an amusement center
of some type operated by lagoon?
A. Well, Lagoon Corporation is an
amusement park outside of Salt Lake City.
Q. After you were the Spill-the-Milk
operator, what were your next duties for Lagoon?
A. Well, after about a half a season
I became--you know, they moved us around and I ran and Shooting Waters and
Guess Your Weight, Bowling and Tip 'Em Over and Flukie-Ball.[NOTE - Flukey Ball was the one where you tried to land a ball in a basket with a sloping board over it. I don't know if it was gaffed or not.
Q. Did you have any connection with
coin-operated amusement machines during that period of your employment?
A. Yes, I did. Bowling was a game that we had which I was an
operator on for months and it involved maintenance of the machines as well as
selling.
Q. As well as selling what?
A. Well, getting people to play the
games.
Q. But bowling was a coin-operated
games?
A. Yes, it was. Skee-Ball was also a coin-operated game which
I operated.
Q. How many employees did Lagoon Corporation
have when you first went to work with them?
A. During the peak of the season, during the summer months - - and there
were actually three corporations, but they were all owned and run by the same
one. So when I talk about Lagoon Corporation it’s actually Amusement Services
that was the corporation that I worked for, but it was all considered to be
Lagoon even though I don’t know why they had been separated that way.
Q. What were the other corporations?
A. The Fun House Corporation. I think that as the same of it, something
like that. I think they split that out because the Fun House is an extremely
high-liability thing. People are always breaking arms and legs and things like
that. So I think from a liability standpoint they had it separated out.
Q. What as the third corporation.
Q. When you were made manager, were
you still employed by Amusement Services or were you employed by Lagoon?
A. It was all Amusement Services.
Q. When you were made a manager for
Amusement Services what were your duties?
A. It was too essentially operate a
complete games department. I had P and L
responsibility, hiring, firing, maintenance responsibility, planning
responsibility.
Q. What types of games were included
in the games department?
A. Coin-operated games,
ball-throwing games, penny-pitchers, shooting games, arcade, quick-draw games,
guess-your-weight games, basketball-throwing game, High Strikers, Skee -Ball,
photo studio, coin-operated photo machines, water pistol games. Let's see, what are some of the others? Rolldown, fun balls, darts, Bingoring which
is a coin-operated game, Bang. That's
about it.
[NOTE I believe "Bingoring" is actually "Bingorino", a "rolldown" game made by Scientific Machine Company as a followup to their popular "Pokerino" (in which you made poker hands). I think the Broadway Arcade in New York had a row of these machines.
I didn't find a picture of Bingorino, but here's Pokerino]
Q. You said Bingoring as a coin-operated game
A. Yes.
Q. Could you describe the game Bingoring?
A. Well, it has a series of holes which you roll a ball down and attempt to
get a bingo. Each of the holes are numbered and it lights a light on the back.
You get certain patterns, you win points which can be traded for prizes. Oh,
baseball was another one.
Q. You mentioned that tone of the areas was an arcade. Would you briefly describe
what the arcade was or what it contained?
A. Well, it was a traditional penny arcade which had various things that
you can do. The direct responsibility for the arcade was a fellow called Steve
Hyde. It contained photocard machine, pinball machines, peep shows -- not the
X-rated kind, but, you know, look and see the San Francisco Earthquake and that
kind of stuff. There were a few that the little boys thought were really racy
at that time, but it's nothing in comparison to what we have now. It also
vended fish food to feed to the carp in the lake. Skiing machines, baseball
machine. Hockey machines. Driving machines. Just the regular tuff you see in
any amusement park arcade.
Q. You said Steve Hyde had responsibility for the penny arcade?
A. Yes.
Q. Did Mr. Hyde report to you or did you report to Mr. Hyde?
A. We reported on an equal level to Mr. Freed.
Q. F-r-e-e-d?
A. Yes. We shared P and L responsibility and maintenance responsibility of
the equipment.
Q. As manager was it your responsibility to select the games that were run
by Amusement Services Corporation?
A. Only those which were out on the midway. Mr. Hyde and I would discuss
the things, but it was ultimately Mr. Freed's decision as to capital equipment
purchase. We would both make recommendations.
Q. How many employee did you have reporting to you while you were manger?
A. 60 to 100.
Q. What was Mr. Freed's position?
A. He was president of Amusement Services. He might have been general
manager, I'm not sure. He was the man, though. He was the boss. I'm not sure
exactly what his title was.
Q. Did you find that when you and
Mr. Hyde made recommendations concerning the games to be purchased by Mr. Freed
that he often accepted your advice?
Q. How long did you remain a manager of the Amusement Services Corporation?
A. I was manager for three years.
Q. During that entire period did
your duties were as you just outlined them for us?
A. Yes.
Q. At the end of this period did
you then leave Amusement Services Corporation?
A. Yes, I did.
Q. What was your next employment
after that?
A. Ampex Corporation.
Q. I think you stated that for a
period while you were in college you were employed by Barlow Furniture during
TV and appliance repair and delivery?
[Note Barlow Furniture was actually owned by the husband of Nolan's second cousin. http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/saltlaketribune/obituary.aspx?pid=147132265]
Q. Could you outline the nature of
your duties concerning television repair?
A. I was really good at switching
tubes around. I didn’t have the capital equipment to do some of the heavy
repairing. That was left up to some of the other people.
Q. You say you didn’t have the
capital equipment?
Q. Were you working as a contractor
for Barlow essentially or –
A. No. I was just employed on a
salary. Hourly, actually.
Q. But were you using your own equipment, your own television repair equipment?
A. Yes, I had my own pliers.
Q. Prior to the time that you
worked for Barlow did you have any background in television service or—
A. Well, I played around with ham
radio. I had a ham license in 1955, I guess. I was one of the youngest ham
radio operators in Utah. That was when I was about ten or eleven, I guess. I
just always fooled around. I fixed my own TV’s and then pretty soon I started
fixing the neighbors’ TV’s and, you know, it just kind of mushroomed. I worked
for Barlow, incidentally, all during high school. It was just kind of one of
those evolutionary things.
At the risk of sounding like an old fogey (I’ll try to forego the “Let me tell you sonny” and “by cracky"s, If you are of my age, you probably remember when changing tubes on a TV was easy. They used to have little stations at the front of every grocery store and supermarket where you could test them. On top was a kind of breadboard that you plugged your tube into to test it and underneath was a rack of tubes. While a ten-year-old could easily have handled that, apparently that was not the case in the 1950s. Back then (says Ted) changing tubes was much more difficult, not to mention dangerous.
You young ‘uns have probably never seen one of these since now, as George Carlin once said “We are essentially tubeless.”
Whether Dabney's claim is true or not, I can't say (I'll take his word for it). Nor am I convinced that Nolan could not have done some minor TV repair in his youth. Alexander Smith discussed this issue in a recent blog post
and I basically share his opinion on this one, though I'm a tad more skeptical.
While I think there may be some truth to Nolan's claim, however, there was a motive for him to exaggerate his abilities (not that I'm saying he did so). Nolan has always said that the spot motion circuit he filed for Pong was all his work while Ted says it was his. Ted says that Nolan didn't have the knowledge of television electronics to create such a circuit. Claiming that he repaired TVs would establish that he had the such knowledge (though he wouldn't have to claim he did it when he was ten).
BTW - if you haven't checked out Alex's blog, do yourself a favor and do so.]
Q. While you were working for
Barlow all during high school during that entire period you were involved in
the fixing of televisions?
A. That’s true. It wasn’t my
primary responsibility. I’d say I was a better washerman. We were at RCA at
that time.
Q. You were what?
A. RCA at that time.
Q. Barlow was RCA?
Q. You mean they were an RCA dealer?
A. Right. We didn’t like the
Magnavox guy down the street.
Q. And over how many years did you
do that?
A. Three years.
Q. So you did it until approximately the time you left Amusement Services?
A. Yes. I sold my route at the time
to one of my fraternity brothers.
Q. Did you have any employees?
A. No, I didn’t.
Q. What type of coin machines did
you place in various places on the route?
A. Primarily they were baseball
machines. The sports game always seemed to do very well.
Q. Would you describe what you mean by baseball machines?
A. It as a machine which
essentially consisted of two buttons as far as player controls. One controlled
the pitch and the other one controlled the bat. You pushed the pitch button and
it would roll a steel ball down toward the bat which, when you pushed on it, it
would hit the ball up into a series of holes along the back. If you hit the
center hole you’d get a home run and the little man would run around the
playfield. If you hit one to the corners you’d get a single or if you hit
another place you’d get an out. The object was to obviously hit the bet holes
without hitting the out, and if you got three outs the game would be over.
There were several variations on the basic theme. Some of them would have little
ramps that if you hit the ramp it would knock it up into the bleachers. Which would
be a special home run and it would give you three runs or something like that.
[NOTE – The “Baseball” games
Nolan is talking about are called “Pitch-and-Bat” games in the biz. The unit
with the baserunners is called a “running man” unit.
Here is an excellent site
where you can read more about, as well as other EM games. (I got the picture
below from there, which is actually from a football game.]
Q. Is there any other type of
machines you place other than baseball machines?
[NOTE – I think he meant to
say “Booz-Barometer”]
A. Correct.
Q. Any particular field of engineering?
A. Electrical engineering.
Essentially it was a computer-oriented electrical engineering degree that I
had.
